Wind loads

Wind-resistant design of bridges, also known as bridge aerodynamics, is an important element of long-span bridge design. First, an overview of wind effects on bridges is given, and the types of wind-related phenomena-such as buffeting, vortex-induced vibration, flutter, and galloping-are briefly explained. Then a typical procedure for wind-resistant design of a long-span bridge is described. Descriptions of design wind speeds and wind loads in a few codes are introduced, and then tools to estimate wind-induced responses of bridges and some examples of field measurements of full-scale bridges are described. Finally, as a relatively recent topic, research results on vibrations of stay cables of cable-stayed bridges are introduced.