Possibility of directly sensing plant stress under environment temperature changes using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to examine the possibility of directly sensing plant stress under temperature environment changes. Changes in the extracellular and intracellular fluid resistances (Ro and Ri, respectively) were affected by changes in the cell phenomena under the temperature environment because Ro and Ri reflect the ionic fluctuations caused by the activation of cell membranes and change in solute viscosity, respectively, under the changing environment temperature. Examination of the effects of temperature environment change on plant cells via EIS measurements and theoretical calculations using the Okajima model can be used for in situ monitoring.