Genetic engineering contribution to developing cyanobacteria-based hydrogen energy to reduce carbon emissions and establish a hydrogen economy

Growing concerns over greenhouse gas emissions and energy insecurity caused by the depletion of conventional fuels have led to a search for sustainable fuel alternatives. As an alternative energy carrier, hydrogen (H₂) is particularly attractive as only water is released during combustion. The process of H₂ production from genetically engineered phototrophic microorganisms through biophotolysis leads the way to solve energy shortages. Genetically engineered cyanobacteria species are potential candidates due to their superior properties for reducing greenhouse gases and using solar energy as an energy source. The review discusses the mechanisms and enzymes involved in H₂ production by cyanobacteria and applications of genetic engineering. A critical analysis of the fundamental issues attributed to the technical advancement of photobiological cyanobacteria-based H₂ production is provided, as well as the perspectives for future research to reduce carbon dioxide emissions through the creation of waste-free technology.