TY - JOUR
T1 - Development of the detector simulation framework for the Wideband Hybrid X-ray Imager onboard FORCE
AU - Suzuki, Hiromasa
AU - Tamba, Tsubasa
AU - Odaka, Hirokazu
AU - Bamba, Aya
AU - Hagino, Kouichi
AU - Takeda, Ayaki
AU - Mori, Koji
AU - Hida, Takahiro
AU - Yukumoto, Masataka
AU - Nishioka, Yusuke
AU - Tsuru, Takeshi G.
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank the anonymous referees for valuable advice, which improved the paper significantly. We acknowledge the manufactures of XRPIXs and valuable advice by the personnel of LAPIS Semiconductor Co. Ltd. This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Research Fellowship for Young Scientist No. 19J11069 (H.S.), KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas No. 25109004 (T.G.T.), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research Nos. 15H02090 (T.G.T.), 19H01906 and 19H05185 (H.O.), Challenging Exploratory Research No. 26610047 (T.G.T.), and Early-Career Scientists No. 19K14742 (A.T.). This study was also supported by the VLSI Design and Education Center (VDEC), Japan, the University of Tokyo in collaboration with Cadence Design Systems, Inc. and Mentor Graphics, Inc.
Funding Information:
We thank the anonymous referees for valuable advice, which improved the paper significantly. We acknowledge the manufactures of XRPIXs and valuable advice by the personnel of LAPIS Semiconductor Co., Ltd. This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Research Fellowship for Young Scientist No. 19J11069 (H.S.), KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas No. 25109004 (T.G.T.), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research Nos. 15H02090 (T.G.T.), 19H01906 and 19H05185 (H.O.), Challenging Exploratory Research No. 26610047 (T.G.T.), and Early-Career Scientists No. 19K14742 (A.T.). This study was also supported by the VLSI Design and Education Center (VDEC), Japan , the University of Tokyo in collaboration with Cadence Design Systems, Inc., and Mentor Graphics, Inc.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2020/11/1
Y1 - 2020/11/1
N2 - FORCE is a Japan–US space-based astronomy mission for an X-ray imaging spectroscopy in an energy range of 1–80 keV. The Wideband Hybrid X-ray Imager (WHXI), which is the main focal plane detector, will use a hybrid semiconductor imager stack composed of silicon and cadmium telluride (CdTe). The silicon imager will be a certain type of the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) pixel sensor, named the X-ray pixel (XRPIX) series. Since the sensor has a small pixel size (30–36 μm) and a thick sensitive region (300–500 μm), understanding the detector response is not trivial and is important in order to optimize the camera design and to evaluate the scientific capabilities. We have developed a framework to simulate observations of celestial sources with semiconductor sensors. Our simulation framework was tested and validated by comparing our simulation results to laboratory measurements using the XRPIX 6H sensor. The simulator well reproduced the measurement results with reasonable physical parameters of the sensor including an electric field structure, a Coulomb repulsion effect on the carrier diffusion, and arrangement of the degraded regions. This framework is also applicable to future XRPIX updates including the one which will be part of the WHXI, as well as various types of semiconductor sensors.
AB - FORCE is a Japan–US space-based astronomy mission for an X-ray imaging spectroscopy in an energy range of 1–80 keV. The Wideband Hybrid X-ray Imager (WHXI), which is the main focal plane detector, will use a hybrid semiconductor imager stack composed of silicon and cadmium telluride (CdTe). The silicon imager will be a certain type of the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) pixel sensor, named the X-ray pixel (XRPIX) series. Since the sensor has a small pixel size (30–36 μm) and a thick sensitive region (300–500 μm), understanding the detector response is not trivial and is important in order to optimize the camera design and to evaluate the scientific capabilities. We have developed a framework to simulate observations of celestial sources with semiconductor sensors. Our simulation framework was tested and validated by comparing our simulation results to laboratory measurements using the XRPIX 6H sensor. The simulator well reproduced the measurement results with reasonable physical parameters of the sensor including an electric field structure, a Coulomb repulsion effect on the carrier diffusion, and arrangement of the degraded regions. This framework is also applicable to future XRPIX updates including the one which will be part of the WHXI, as well as various types of semiconductor sensors.
KW - Astronomy
KW - Detector response
KW - Monte Carlo simulation
KW - Silicon-on-insulator technology
KW - X-ray
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85088889239&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.nima.2020.164433
DO - 10.1016/j.nima.2020.164433
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85088889239
VL - 979
JO - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
JF - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
SN - 0168-9002
M1 - 164433
ER -